This year, 2026, is the 60th anniversary of the Black Panther Party of Self-Defense. The Black Panthers Party was created in 1966, being inspired by tons of members of the black freedom struggle. Many of our Brothers and our Sisters sacrificed their lives for our own freedom as black human beings indeed. They existed after the victories of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the Freedom Rides, the Selma Voting Rights Movement, the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and the 1965 Voting Rights Act. The Black Panthers were founded by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale, who vehemently opposed police brutality, racism, and the capitalist economic exploitation of oppressed communities in America, including the world. Both of them opposed the Vietnam War as an imperialistic war. Many younger people back then wanted more economic, social, and political gains as gains were very slow by the late 1960s. There was the post-World War II period that left out millions of workers and the poor. Many African Americans came to the West, the Midwest, and the North via the two Great Migrations (during the 20th century) seeking job opportunities and escape from the oppressive Jim Crow apartheid system. Many black people worked in auto factories, steel mills, and other jobs. There were legitimate legislative gains and other reforms that existed in the 1960s in fighting against Jim Crow apartheid in America. The problem of class exploitation, economic inequality, racism, and other evils persisted in the North, West, and Midwest (which resulted in many rebellions throughout the 1960s from Harlem to Watts).
Also, there were many pro-self-defense black organizations before the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense existed in the South, like The Deacons of Defense, and Robert L. Williams (who wrote the 1962 historic book Negroes with Guns). Even some members of SNCC viewed nonviolence as a legitimate tactic for freedom, not as a way of life. Yet those who follow nonviolence as a way of life can be just as passionate for freedom and justice as those who subscribe to self-defense. The Black Panther Party was first created in the Western city of Oakland, California, which is located in the Bay Area. The Black Panthers embraced a hybrid philosophy mixing socialism, black nationalism, and Maoism. They were the progressive wing of the Black Power Movement, seeking freedom, justice, and self-determination. The Panthers embraced the motto of "power to the people." They expressed solidarity to the oppressed of the Third World who sought liberation from imperialism and colonialism. The Black Panthers had the 1967 incident when members went to the capital in Sacramento, California, to protest the California State Assembly legislators discussing the Mulford Act (which was designed to ban public displays of loaded firearms). Black Panthers walked into the legislative session. During that time, the Black Panthers had a legal right to do it. Later, Bobby Seale and five others were still arrested. The Mulford Act of 1967 was signed by California Governor Ronald Reagan (yes, that Reagan). Ironically, Reagan was an FDR liberal in the 1940s and later became a far-right Republican by the 1950s. The Ten Point Program (in wanting free health care, full employment, an end to police brutality, ending wars of aggression overseas, decent housing, and education) comprehensively describes the political, economic, and social aims of the Party. The Black Panther Party gave confidence and inspired the African American community. They regularly worked with progressives of every color too.
The Panthers weren't just men and women who wore leather jackets, displayed weapons, and patrolled city streets on the lookout for police misconduct (which they have the God-given right to do). They formed a Breakfast Program to feed people in the community, they gave transportation (like a free ambulance program) to help the sick and elderly travel to hospitals, they tested people for sickle cell anemia, they created health clinics to help people, and they were active in protesting for basic, fundamental human rights. The Black Panthers spread globally, and one innovator of the organization was Fred Hampton, who criticized capitalism (including black capitalism), endorsed socialism, and wanted a coalition among freedom fighters of every color to confront and end oppression in general. Fred Hampton was assassinated along with fellow Panther member Mark Clark on December 4, 1969, by the Chicago Police Department. Hampton's fiancé, Deborah Johnson, was nearly killed by the police, too. She was 8 months pregnant during that time. FBI informant William O'Neal infiltrated the Chicago Black Panther organization. O'Neal later committed suicide in 1990. The hypocrite and FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover hated the Black Panthers. Hampton and the Panthers in general were constantly monitored by the FBI illegally via the COINTELPRO program. The FBI conspired with local departments in cities across America to promote frameups, arrests, divisions among black revolutionary organizaiton, and outright murders like that of Fred Hampton and Mark Clark. Geronimo Pratt, a former Black Panther leader, was one of many victims of police frameups. He is related to the great actress Kyla Pratt. Comrade Sisters: Women of the Black Panther Party is a book by Stephen Shames and Ericka Huggins to show the stories of more than 50 women Black Panther members. Other members were Raymond Hewitt, Kwame Ture, Emory Douglas, Daid Hilliard, Bunchy Carter, Charles Barron, Dhoruba bin Wahad, Safiya Bukhari, and Paul Coates. Tupac Shakur and his friends had ties to the Black Panther Party. Tupac's mother, Afeni Shakur was a member. Sekou Odingo was a founder of the Bronx Black Panther Party. Afeni's friend, Yaasmyn Fula, was part of the Black Panthers, too. Tupac Shakur's blood is literally related to the Black Panther Party of Self-Defense.
As many as 10,000 Black Panthers existed, along with a newspaper circulation of 250,000. The Black Panthers started to decline in power (by the 1970s) because of FBI infiltration, police infiltration, divisions on tactics, various splits and infighting (like the famous one between Huey P. Newton and Eldridge Cleaver. Ironically, Cleaver would sell out by being a supporter of Ronald Reagan), sexism among some members (Some Black Panther members unfortunately were sexists and abused women. The irony is that many of the greatest Black Panther Party members have been women like Afeni Shakur, Ericka Huggins, Kathleen Cleaver, Assata Shakur, Elaine Brown, Angela Davis, Barbara Easley-Cox, and Fredrika Newton. Many Black Panther members rejected sexism to be clear), some lacked an emphasis on working class power (as many of them rejected working class power to embrace solely the lumpenproletariat. The truth is that the working class and the lumpenproletariat must work together to create liberation), and other reasons. The Black Panthers were courageous, intellectual, and represented a firm personification of black courage and black strength. The Black Panther Party officially ended in 1982. We should celebrate the Black Panther Party members who had morals, did the right thing, and legitimately inspired social change. Despite its imperfections (which we must never condone), the good parts of the Black Panther Party should be cherished as part of the long part of the freedom movement that continues in our generation in 2026 indeed.
By Timothy